| "Emissions from PV Life Cycles" Environmental Science and Technology |
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| Summary Report on EHS CdTe PV Systems |
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| European Commission's Peer Review Summary |
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| Scientific Comment of Fraunhofer to Life Cycle Assessment of CdTe Photovoltaic's |
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| Brookhaven National Lab |
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| Columbia University Center for Life Cycle Assessment |
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| George Washington University Institute for the Analysis of Solar Energy |
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| Brookhaven Life Cycle Analysis |
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| Life Cycle Assessment |
| Sinha, P., A. Meader, and M. de Wild-Scholten. 2012. Life Cycle Water Usage in CdTe Photovoltaics. 38th IEEE PVSC, Austin, TX. |
Held, M., and Ilg, R., Update of Environmental Indicators and Energy Payback Time of CdTe Photovoltaic Systems in Europe, Progress in Photovoltaics; Research and Applications, 2011, Vol. 19, 614-626.
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| de Wild-Scholten, M. Environmental Profile of PV Mass Production Globalization, presented at the 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Hamburg Germany, September 2011. |
| Fthenakis, V., and H. C. Kim, "Life-cycle uses of water in U.S. electricity generation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol. 14, pp. 2039-2048, 2010. |
| de Wild-Scholten, M., and Schottler, M., Solar as an Environmental Product: Thin-film Modules - Production Processes and their Environmental Assessment, Energy Research Center at the Netherlands and M+W Zander, April 2009. |
| Fthenakis, V.M., Kim H.C., and Alsema, E., "Emissions from Photovoltaic Life Cycles," Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 6 (2008). |
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| Module Collection and Recycling Program |
| First Solar Recycling Service Brochure
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| First Solar Recycling Service Datasheet |
| Held, M., Life Cycle Assessment of CdTe Module Recycling, 24th EU PVSEC Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2009. |
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| Third Party CdTe PV Technology Reviews |
| Summary Report, Scientific Review on the Environmental and Health Safety (EHS) aspects of CdTe photovoltaic (PV) systems over their entire life cycle, The University of Tokyo and Yokohama National University, May 2012. |
| Summary Report, Environmental, Health and Safety Impact Evaluation of CdTe PV Installations Throughout Their Life-cycle, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, 2012. |
| Scientific Comment of Fraunhofer to Life Cycle Assessement of CdTe Photovoltaics, Fraunhofer Institute, 2012 (Available at: http://www.csp.fraunhofer.de/presse-und-veranstaltungen/details/id/47/). |
| Executive Summary, First Solar CdTe Photovoltaic Technology: Environmental, Health and Safety Assessment, Solar Photovoltaic Energy Department, Centro Nacional de Energías Renewables (CENER), April 2010. |
| Summary Report, Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Aspects of First Solar Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Photovoltaic (PV) Systems, carried out under the authority of the French Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development (MEEDAT), July 2009. |
| Summary Report, Peer Review of Major Published Studies on the Environmental Profile of Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Photovoltaic Systems, Organized by European Commission, European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Moderated by German Ministry of the Environment (BMU), November, 2005. |
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Safety of CdTe PV Technology During Product Use
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| Sinha, P., Balas, R., Krueger, L., and A. Wade., 2012. Fate and Transport Evaluation of Potential Leaching Risks from Cadmium Telluride Photovoltaics, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 31, No. 7, pp. 1670-1675. |
| Beckmann, J., and Mennenga, A., 2011. Calculation of immissions when there is a fire in a photovoltaic system made of cadmium telluride modules. Bavarian Environmental Agency, Augsberg, Germany. |
| Fthenakis, V.M., Fuhrmann, M., Heiser, J., Lanzirotti, A., Fitts, J., and Wang, W. 2005. "Emissions and Encapsulation of Cadmium in CdTe PV Modules During Fires," Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 13 (8): 713-723. |
| Fthenakis V.M., "Life Cycle Impact Analysis of Cadmium in CdTe Photovoltaic Production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 8, 303-334, 2004. |
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Environmental, Health, and Safety in Manufacturing
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| Smigielski, K. 2011. Fundamentals & EHS Challenges of PV Manufacturing. SESHA/SIA Joint Symposium, Scottsdale, AZ, May 16-20. |
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Biodiversity and Land Use
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| Turney, D., and V. Fthenakis. 2011. Environmental impacts from the installation and operation of large-scale solar power plants. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15: 3261-3270. |
| V. Fthenakis, J. Blunden, T. Green, L. Krueger, and D. Turney. 2011. Large Photovoltaic Power Plants: Wildlife Impacts and Benefits. IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Seattle, WA. |
| T. Peschel, 2010. Solar parks - Opportunities for Biodiversity: A report on biodiversity in and around ground-mounted photovoltaic plants. Renews Special, Issue 45. |
| Fthenakis, V. and H. C. Kim. 2008. Land use and electricity generation: A life-cycle analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13: 1465-1474. |
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End of Life Module Characterization
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| Wehrens., S. 2011. Certificate of End-of-Life Waste Characterization. GFBU Consult, Hoppegarten, Germany. |
| Wegmann, G. and W. L. Fowler. 2011. Review of Analytical Data, Golder Associates, Sunnyvale, CA. |
| Golder Associates, Review and Comments on Reports by NGI: Environmental Risks Regarding the Use and Final Disposal of CdTe PV Modules and Leaching from CdTe PV Module Material - Results from Batch, Column and Availability Tests, May 2010. |
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Supply Chain
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| Fthenakis, V.M. 2012. Sustainability metrics for extending thin-film photovoltaics to terawatt levels. MRS Bulletin, Volume 37, pp. 425-430. |
| Matsuno, Y., T. Hur, and V. Fthenakis. Dynamic modeling of cadmium substance flow with zinc and steel demand in Japan. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 61 (2012) 83- 90. |
| Candelise, C., M. Winskel, and R. Gross. 2011. Is Indium and Tellurium Availability a real concern for CdTe and CIGS Technologies?, in Proceedings 26th EU PV SEC, Hamburg, Germany. |
| Raugei, M., and V. Fthenakis., Cadmium flows and emissions from CdTePV: future expectations, Energy Policy, 38 (9), 5223-5228 (2010). |
| Zweibel, K., The impact of tellurium supply on cadmium telluride photovoltaics, Science, 2010, 328, 699-701. |
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CdTe Chemistry
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| Kaczmar, S., Evaluating the Read-Across Approach on CdTe Toxicity for CdTe Photovoltaics, SETAC North America 32nd Annual Meeting, Boston, November 2011. |
| Zayed, J., and Philippe, S. 2009. "Acute Oral and Inhalation Toxicities in Rats with Cadmium Telluride," International Journal of Toxicology, 28 (4): 259-265. |
| R. E. Chapin, M.W. Harris, J. D. Allen, E. A. Haskins, S. M. Ward, R. E. Wilson, B. J. Davis, B. J. Collins and A. C. Lockhart, `The systemic and reproductive toxicities of copper indium diselenide, copper gallium diselenide and cadmium telluride in rats', Understanding and Managing Health and Environmental Risks of CIS, CGS, and CT Photovoltaic Module Production and Use: A Workshop (BNL-61480), eds. P. D. Moskowitz, K. Zweibel and M. P. DePhillips, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 1994 (Chapter 2). |